Wednesday, March 31, 2010

NOTES & DEFINITIONS

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DEFINITIONS with examples


Noun - A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea.
Examples 1 :-Late last year our neighbors bought a goat.Portia White was an opera singer.The bus inspector looked at all the passengers' passes. All the words written above in bold letters in these examples 1 are nouns.
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Adjective :-An adjective modifies a noun  by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun  which it modifies.
Examples 2 :-The truck-shaped balloon floated over the treetops.Mrs. Morrison papered her kitchen walls with hideous wall paper.The small boat foundered on the wine dark sea.The coal mines are dark and dank.All the words written above in bold letters in these examples 2  are adjectives.
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Verb :-A verb or compound verb asserts something about the subject of the sentence and express actions, events, or states of being
 Examples 3 :-Dracula bites his victims on the neck.The verb "bites" describes the action Dracula takes.In early October, Giselle will plant twenty tulip bulbs.Here the compound verb "will plant" describes an action that will take place in the future.
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Transitive Verb : -A transitive verb is a verb that requires both a direct subject and one or more objects.
 Examples 3 :-Harry sees Adam. (Adam is the direct object of "sees").You lifted the bag. (bag is the direct object of "lifted")All the words written above in bold letters in these examples 3  are Transitive verbs.
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Intransitive Verb :-An intransitive verb does not take an object.
Examples 4 :-Harry will sleep until sunrise. (sleep has no object)He died on Friday. (die has no object).All the words written above in bold letters in these examples 4 are Intransitive verbs.
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Conjunction :- A conjunction  is a part of speech that connects two words, phrases or clauses together.A phrase is a group of words functioning as a single unit in the sentence.For example, the store at the end of the street is a phrase. It acts like a noun. It can further be broken down into two shorter phrases functioning as adjectives: at the end and of the street, a shorter prepositional phrase within the longer prepositional phrase. At the end of the street could be replaced by an adjective such as nearby: the nearby house or even the house nearby. The end of the street could also be replaced by another noun, such as the crossroads to produce the house at the crossroads.The group of words written above in italic letters in these examples are Conjunctions.
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Preposition :- In grammar, a preposition is a part of speech that introduces a prepositional phrase. For example, in the sentence "The cat sleeps on the sofa", the word "on" is a preposition, introducing the prepositional phrase "on the sofa". In English, the most used prepositions are "of", "to", "in", "for", "with" and "on". A preposition indicates a relation between things mentioned in a sentence.
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Adverb : -An adverb is a part of speech. It is any word that modifies any part of language other than a noun (modifiers of nouns are primarily adjectives and determiners). Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives (including numbers), clauses, sentences and other adverbs.
Examples 5 :-The waves came in quickly over the rocks.I found the film incredibly dull.The meeting went well, and the directors were extremely happy with the outcome!.Crabs are known for walking sideways.I often have eggs for breakfast.However, I shall not eat fried eggs again.All the words written above in bold letters in these examples 5 are Adverb.
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Plural : -Plural, commonly abbreviated pl, is a grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world. In the English language, singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers.
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Idiom-An idiom is an expression, word, or phrase whose sense means something different from what the words literally imply. In the English expression Nest Egg, a listener knowing only the meanings of nest and egg would be unable to deduce the expression's true meaning: Savings set aside for future use. It is an expression, word, or phrase that has a figurative meaning that is comprehended in regard to a common use of that expression that is separate from the literal meaning or definition of the words of which it is made.When a speaker uses an idiom, the listener might mistake its actual meaning, if he or she has not heard this figure of speech before.Idioms usually do not translate well; in some cases, when an idiom is translated into another language, either its meaning is changed or it is meaningless. Idioms tend to confuse those unfamiliar with them; students of a new language must learn its idiomatic expressions as vocabulary.There are estimated to be at least 25,000 idiomatic expressions in American English.
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IELTS or 'International English Language Testing System', is an international standardised test of English language proficiency. It is jointly managed by University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, the British Council and IDP Education Pty Ltd, and was established in 1989.There are also tests like TOEFL(Test of English as Foreign Language) ,PTEA(Pearson Test of English Academic ).A comparison have been provided between these tests. Click here to know more about it.

There are two versions of the IELTS: the Academic Version and the General Training Version:

    * The Academic Version is intended for those who want to enroll in universities and other institutions of higher education and for professionals such as medical doctors and nurses who want to study or practice in an English-speaking country.
    * The General Training Version is intended for those planning to undertake non-academic training or to gain work experience, or for immigration purposes.

It is generally acknowledged that the reading and writing tests for the Academic Version are more difficult than those for the General Training Version, due to the differences in the level of intellectual and academic rigor between the two versions.
IELTS is accepted by most Australian, British, Canadian, Irish, New Zealand and South African academic institutions, over 2,000 academic institutions in the United States, and various professional organisations. It is also a requirement for immigration to Australia and Canada.
An IELTS result or Test Report Form (TRF) is valid for two years.

IELTS test structure
All candidates must complete four Modules - Listening, Reading, Writing and Speaking - to obtain a band score, which is shown on an the IELTS Test Report Form (TRF). All candidates take the same Listening and Speaking Modules, while the Reading and Writing Modules differ depending on whether the candidate is taking the Academic or General Training Versions of the Test.
The total test duration is around 2 hours and 45 minutes for Listening, Reading and Writing modules.

    * Listening: 40 minutes, 30 minutes for which a recording is played centrally and additional 10 minutes for transferring answers onto the OMR answer sheet.
    * Reading: 60 minutes.
    * Writing: 60 minutes.(N.B.: No additional time is given for transfer of answers in Reading and Writing modules)The first three modules - Listening, Reading and Writing (always in that order) - are completed in one day, and in fact are taken with no break in between. The Speaking Module may be taken, at the discretion of the test center, in the period seven days before or after the other Modules.The tests are designed to cover the full range of ability from non-user to expert user.
 Click here to know about How we can help you in IELTS ---> My Training

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Band scale
IELTS is scored on a nine-band scale, with each band corresponding to a specified competence in English. Overall Band Scores are reported to the nearest whole or half band.
For the avoidance of doubt, the following rounding convention applies; if the average across the four skills ends in .25, it is rounded up to the next half band, and if it ends in .75, it is rounded up to the next whole band.
The nine bands are described as follows:

 9 Expert User
Has fully operational command of the language: appropriate, accurate and fluent with complete understanding.

 8 Very Good User
Has fully operational command of the language with only occasional unsystematic inaccuracies and inappropriacies. Misunderstandings may occur in unfamiliar situations.Handles complex detailed argumentation well.

7 Good User

Has operational command of the language, though with occasional inaccuracies, inappropriacies and misunderstandings in some situations. Generally handles complex language well and understands detailed reasoning.
6 Competent User

Has generally effective command of the language despite some inaccuracies, inappropriateness and misunderstandings. Can use and understand fairly complex language, particularly in familiar situations.
5 Modest user

Has partial command of the language, coping with overall meaning in most situations, though is likely to make many mistakes. Should be able to handle basic communication in own field.
4 Limited User

Basic competence is limited to familiar situations. Has frequent problems in using complex language.
3 Extremely Limited User

Conveys and understands only general meaning in very familiar situations.
2 Intermittent User

No real communication is possible except for the most basic information using isolated words or short formulae in familiar situations and to meet immediate needs.
1 Non User

Essentially has no ability to use the language beyond possibly a few isolated words.
0 Did not attempt the test

No assessable information provided at all.  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Comparison of  TOEFL, IELTS and PTEA exams. 15 Factors have been used to compare Exams taken by Non Native English speaking students applying for admission to Colleges Universities.  GO to IELTS

TOEFLIELTSPTEA
What isTest of English as Foreign LanguageInternational English Language Testing SystemPearson Test of English Academic (PTE Academic
How Much?Internet Based Test – $170 USA; $165 – IndiaUSA – $185 from Dec 3, 2009; RS 7200 – India$170 – USA; $160 – India
Test ContentReading, Listening, Speaking, Writing
Reading60 to 100 Minutes60 Minutes32 to 41 minutes
Listening60 to 90 Minutes30 Minutes45 to 57 minutes
Speaking20 Minutes11 to 14 Minutes77 to 93 minutes
Writing50 Minutes60 Minutes
Total Score0 to 120Overall Band Score, on a scale from 1 to 910 to 90
Score ReportsPrinted score reports. Mailed approximately 2 weeks after your test . Online Results Available too.Results just 13 days after the test. Reports Mailed. Some centers send SMS alerts or Online Results.Online Score report ONLY. Scores available 5 Business Days after test.
Score Forwarding4 Universities for free5 Universities free of charge.Scores can be reported online.
Additional Reports$17 per UniversityCannot find info in websiteFree to any number of Universities.
Accepted at?7,000+ colleges, universities and licensing agencies in more than 130 countries2,000 US universities;About 50 US Universities ( We manually counted), More Universities are added.
Scores Reporting TimeOnline orders mailed 4-7 business days after request. Mail or fax orders, mailed 2 weeks after request.Cannot find Score forwarding infor from website.Test Reports will be available in 24 hours after reporting the scores online.
Website UsabilityVery Easy to find the required InfoCan be improved. Some of the required information for test takers are hard to find.Website much better then IELTS, but having sections like ETS site will make job easier for test takers.
CommentsWidely Accepted; Online Score Reporting; Takes longer to get scores.Recently US Universities are accepting IELTS. Might take longer time for students to consider taking IELTS for US atleast in India, unless they make it real cheap.Free Score forwarding. Faster Scores availability, Online score reporting. It will take time to reach ti students. TOEFL and IELTS sounds easier to pronounce than PTEA :) Less expensive compared to TOEFL and IELTS.
Information in above table was taken from respective test websites. Refer to actual exam website for more detailed information. If any info is incorrect, leave a comment.  GO to IELTS
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ANSWERS TO WORD EXERCISES
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DAY 1 [05-MAY-2010] WEX1
answers --1. adapt 2. adjust 3. transform 4. switch 5. alter
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DAY 1 [05-MAY-2010] WEX2
answers-- 1.b 2.a 3.c 4.c 5.a
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DAY 1 [05-MAY-2010] WEX3
answers 1. a 2. b 3.b 4.c 5.c
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DAY 1 [05-MAY-2010] WEX4
answers--- 1.delete 2.repeal 3.deter 4.dissuade 5. rescind
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DAY 2 [ 07-MAY-2010] WEX5
answers---1.vary 2.exchange 3.expand 4.increase 5.dissolve
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DAY 2 [ 07-MAY-2010] WEX6
answers---1.c 2.a 3.c 4. b 5. a[best wishes are used in informal letters only]
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DAY 2 [ 07-MAY-2010] WEX7
answers--1.a 2.c 3.a 4.b 5.c.
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DAY 2 [ 07-MAY-2010] WEX8
answers----1. suppress 2.sever(also can use break off) 3.turn down(also can use reject or decline) 4.back out(also can use withdraw) 5. deny
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DAY 3 [ 08-MAY-2010] WEX9
answers---1.swell 2.disappear 3.renew 4.renovate 5.promote(in the second sentence ,it means to publicise)
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DAY 3 [ 08-MAY-2010] WEX10
answers------1.rotate 2.spin 3.revolve 4.slide 5.subside
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DAY 3 [ 08-MAY-2010] WEX11
answers---1.a 2.c 3.c 4.b 5.b
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DAY 3 [ 08-MAY-2010] WEX12
answers---1.cancel 2.quash 3.give up 4.put an end to 5.remove(strike can also used informally)
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DAY 4 [ 09-MAY-2010] WEX13
answers---1.demote 2.fade 3.replace 4.cure(in the second sentence cure means to preserve meat or fish by putting salt) 5.reduce
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DAY 4 [ 09-MAY-2010] WEX14
answers---1.evaporate 2.congeal(for blood we use the word clot) 3.flow 4.freeze 5.melt
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DAY 4 [ 09-MAY-2010] WEX15
answers---1.False(you must take your own calculator) 2.True 3.False(he had to pay the money back) 4.False(they don't have to pay taxes) 5.True.
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DAY 4 [ 09-MAY-2010] WEX16
answers---1.b 2.a 3.b 4.c 5.b
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DAY 5 [ 14-MAY-2010] WEX17
answers---1. landlords(landlady for female, also can use landowner) 2.owners/proprietors 3.owners 4. property 5.estate.
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DAY 5 [ 14-MAY-2010] WEX18
answers---1.wobble 2.leak 3.bounce 4.vibrate 5.grow
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DAY 5 [ 14-MAY-2010] WEX19
answers---1.FALSE(the doctors made him stop drinking) 2.True 3.False(you can attend the classes if you want to) 4. False(you must wear a helmet also can use the word OBLIGATORY) 5.True
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DAY 5 [ 14-MAY-2010] WEX20
answers---1.crowd/throng 2.huddle/group 3.set 4.staff 5.company
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DAY 6 [ 18-MAY-2010] WEX21
answers---1.possessions 2.belongings(possessions usually refers to everything we own -for example, our homes , furniture, etc. Belongings usually refers to smaller things-for example a coat, a briefcase etc.) 3.lease 4.loan 5.mortgage
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DAY 6 [ 18-MAY-2010] WEX22
answers---1. fade 2.rise 3.set 4.turn 5.change
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DAY 6 [ 18-MAY-2010] WEX23
answers---1.obliged/required 2.no alternative 3.liable for 4.compulsory 5.voluntary
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DAY 6 [18-MAY-2010] WEX24
answers---1.herd 2.batch 3.gang/crowd 4.cast 5.heap/pile
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DAY 7 [20-MAY-2010] WEX25
answers---1.a long distance journey 2.a great deal of time. 3.dozens of time 4.a minute amount of dust 5.a gigantic wave
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DAY 7 [20-MAY-2010] WEX26
answers---1.erode 2.spread 3.meander 4.burn 5.smoulder
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DAY 7 [20-MAY-2010] WEX27
answers---1.mandatory 2.required 3.forced 4.optional 5.exempt.
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DAY 7 [ 20-MAY-2010] WEX28
answer---1.group 2.shoal/school 3.litter 4.crew 5.flock
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DAY 8 [23-MAY-2010] WEX29
answers---1.a huge waste of time 2.colossal statue. 3.plenty of food 4.A broad river 5.A vast crowd of supporters
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DAY 8 [23-MAY-2010] WEX30
answers----1.crumble 2.expand 3.contract 4.stretch 5.crack.
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DAY 8 [23 -MAY-2010] WEX31
answers---1.True 2.True 3.False(there has been a improvement 4.False(there has been an increase). 5.False(there has been a strengthening of the dollar).
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DAY 8 [ 23-MAY-2010] WEX32
answers---1.team 2.throng/crowd 3.platoon 4.bundle 5.bunch
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DAY 9 [25 -MAY-2010] WEX33
answers---1.a gargantuan meal/plenty of food 2.a giant building/a vast room 3.a mammoth job/tons of work(both are informal expressions) 4.a deep lake 5.a minuscule piece of cloth
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DAY 9 [25-MAY-2010] WEX34
answers---1.spill 2.explode 3.ring 4.sink 5.float.
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DAY 9 [25-MAY-2010] WEX35
answers---1.False(there has been a relaxation of border controls. 2.False(we are increasing or building up our stocks of wood) 3.True 4.False(there has been a slight fall) 5.False(they are going to decrease the number).
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DAY 9 [25-MAY-2010] WEX36
answers---1.stretched 2.exploded 3.float 4.rising 5.fade
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DAY 10 [26-MAY-2010] WEX37
answers---1. an enormous book 2.a mammoth job/tons of work 3.a high mountain 4.a monumental error 5.a tiny car
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DAY 10 [ 26-MAY-2010] WEX38
answers---1.rejected 2.denied 3. retreated 4.refused 5.defended
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DAY 10 [ 26-MAY-2010] WEX39
answers---1.False(there has been a decline) 2.False(there has been a tightening up of the rules) 3.False(there has been a widening of the gap) 4.True 5.False(there has been a downward trend)
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DAY 10 [26-MAY-2010] WEX40
answers---1.cracked 2.subsided 3.revolved 4.set 5.slid
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DAY 11 [27 -MAY-2010] WEX41
 answers---1. a giant building 2.wide avenue 3.a shallow pool. 4.a tall man 5.a narrow alleyway.
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DAY 11 [27 -MAY-2010] WEX42
answers---1.demolished 2.simplified 3.abandoned 4.withdrew 5.deteriorated
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DAY 11 [27 -MAY-2010] WEX43
answers--1.True 2.True 3.True 4.True 5.False(Young people want to broaden their horizons.Horizon means here--the range of activity that can be expected).
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DAY 11 [27 -MAY-2010] WEX44
answers---1. clear 2.easy 3.graceful 4.detrimental(also harmful is correct) 5.approximate.
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DAY 12 [28-MAY-2010] WEX45
answers---1.Furthermore/moreover/In addition/what's more(this is less formal than the other expressions) 2.As well as/Besides 3.Likewise/Similarly/In the same way. 4.As well as/Along with 5.Likewise/Similarly
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DAY 12 [28-MAY-2010] WEX46
answers---1.refused(to let) 2.rewarded 3.lowered 4.set 5.fell(can also say dropped)
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DAY 12 [28-MAY-2010] WEX47
answers---1.action,activity 2.advise,advice 3.effect,affect 4.appreciable,appreciative 5.assumption,presumption
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DAY 12 [28-MAY-2010] WEX48
answers---1.innocent 2.even 3. scarce 4.flexible 5.clear
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DAY 13 [31-MAY-2010] WEX49
answers---1.Likewise/In the same way/correspondingly 2.In brief 3.It can be concluded that 4.Therefore(To sum up, to conclude and to summarize are usually used to conclude longer pieces of writing.'Thus' is slightly more formal than therefore,but has the same meaning 5.In addition
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DAY 13 [31-MAY-2010] WEX50
answers---1.g 2.h 3.f 4.h 5.e
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DAY 13 [31-MAY-2010] WEX51
answers---1.present,avoid 2.beside,Besides 3.Shortly,briefly 4.channel,canal 5.conscious,Conscientious
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DAY 13 [31-MAY-2010] WEX52
answers---1.crude(can also say primitive) 2.delicate(can also say mild) 3.dim 4.compulsory(can also say obligatory) 5.reluctant.
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DAY 14 [01-JUNE-2010] WEX53
answers---1.advise~~advice(Some words which end in -ice when they are nouns and end with -ise when that become verbs.practice(noun)~~practise(verb)
2.acheive~~achieve (In most words where these letters are pronounced as ee (as in cheese), the i comes before the e (for example ,sIEge ,thIEf, fIEld, belIEf, pIEce) unless the letters are preceded by the letter c(for example, cEIling, concEIt,recEIve, decEIve)
3.aquire~~acquire(A lot of english words contain silent letters-a letter we do not pronounce when we say the word. some common example of silent letters include
Silent A:February , parliament , marriage
Silent B:comb , bomb , womb , doubt
Silent c:conscience scene discipline scissors
Silent D:Wednesday handsome
Silent G:campaign design
silent H:ghost , school , vehicle , rhythm
silent I:business ,hygiene , nuisance
Silent N:autumn , column , condemn
Silent T:listen , mortgage
Silent U:biscuit , colleague(silent e at the end also) , guarantee , guess
Silent W:answer , whole
Silent GH:though , thorough , weigh , height
4.sugestions~~~suggestions  5.attent~~attend.
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DAY 14 [01-JUNE-2010] WEX54
answers---1.d 2.g 3.f 4.c 5.b(followed by your opinion)
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DAY 14 [01-JUNE-2010] WEX55
answers---1.continuous,continual 2.inspect,control 3.objections,criticism 4.injury,damage,harm 5.invent,discover.
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DAY 14 [01-JUNE-2010] WEX56
answer---1.a(can also use retake) 2.b 3.b 4.c 5.c
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DAY 15 [02-JUNE-2010] WEX57
answers---1.acknowledgment~~acknowledgement 2.argueable~~arguable 3.benefitting~~benefiting 4.busness~~business 5.campain~~campaign
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DAY 15 [02-JUNE-2010] WEX58
answers---1.b 2.d 3.a 4.e 5.h
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DAY 15 [02-JUNE-2010] WEX59
answers---1.for,during,while 2.However/Moreover 3.inconsiderable/inconsiderate 4.intolerable/intolerant 5.job/work
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DAY 15 [02-JUNE-2010] WEX60
answers---1.c 2.c 3.b 4.c 5.c
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DAY 16 [03-JUNE-2010] WEX61
answers---1.cancelations~~cancellations 2.changable~~changeable 3.condeming~~condemning 4.consientious~~conscientious 5.hieght~~height.
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DAY 16 [03-JUNE-2010] WEX62
answers---1.b 2.a 3.a 4.b 5.f
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DAY 16 [03-JUNE-2010] WEX63
answers---1.lies,lay 2.watch,look at 3.permit,permission 4.possibility,chance 5.practise,practice
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DAY 16 [03-JUNE-2010] WEX64
answers---1.kindergarten(can also say nursery or play school) 2.primary 3.skills/literacy/numeracy 4.secondary 5.discipline(can also be a verb/pass(opposite of this is fail).
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DAY 17 [04-JUNE-2010] WEX65
answers---1.managable~~manageable 2.decieved~~deceived 3.lifes~~lives 4.survivers~~survivors 5.practice~~practise.
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DAY 17 [04-JUNE-2010] WEX66
answers---1.f also g 2.d 3.a 4.b(followed by your opinion) 5.f
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DAY 17 [04-JUNE-2010] WEX67
answers---1.principle,principal,principal,principle 2.procession,process 3.rise,raise 4.respectful,respectable 5.treat,cure.
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DAY 17 [04-JUNE-2010] WEX68
answers---1.Course(can also say programme) 2.enroll 3.graduate(a student who is still at university is called an undergraduate),degree 4.correspondence(can also say distance education) 5.qualifications.
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DAY 18 [05-JUNE-2010] WEX69
answers---1.a 2.b 3.b 4.a 5.c
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DAY 18 [05-JUNE-2010] WEX70
answers---1.a 2.f 3.c 4.b 5.a
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DAY 18 [05-JUNE-2010] WEX71
answers---1.c 2.c 3.b 4.c 5.c(liaise means Act between parties with a view to reconciling differences or mediate)
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DAY 18 [05-JUNE-2010] WEX72
answers---1.h 2.d 3.b 4.g 5.c
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DAY 19 [06-JUNE-2010] WEX73
answers---1.E 2.H 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.L 8.F 9.I 10.M 11.J 12.K 13.G
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DAY 19 [06-JUNE-2010] WEX74
answers--1.freedom of press 2.media tycoon 3.censorship 4.unscrupulous 5.exploiting 6.invasion of privacy 7.paparazzi 8,9.information ,entertainment(in any order) 10.chequebook journalism 11.libel 12.readership 13.gutter press.
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DAY 20 [07-JUNE-2010] WEX75
answers---1.broadsheets 2.coverage 3.current affairs. 4.reporters 5.journalists 6.tabloids 7.broadcasts 8.Internet 9.websites 10.download 11,12.information/entertainment(in any order) 13.gutter press 14.invasion of privacy/chequebook journalism 15.paparazzi 16.libel 17.chequebook journalism 18.unscrupulous 19.Internet/Web 20.information overload 21.logging on 22.censorship 23.freedom of the press.
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DAY 21 [08-JUNE-2010] WEX76
answers---1.E 2.A 3.B 4.F 5.C 6.D.
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DAY 22 [09-JUNE-2010] WEX77
answers---1.employees 2.unskilled 3.semi-skilled 4.blue-collar 5.manufacturing industry 6.white-collar 7.service industry 8.job security 9.steady job 10.hiring 11.firing 12.stress 13.demanding 14.unsociable hours 15.repetitive strain injury 16.salary(a salary is paid monthly) 17.promotion 18.perks 19.incentive 20.increment(also say pay rise) 21.sickness benefit 22.pension 23.self-employed.
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DAY 23[10-JUNE-2010] WEX78
answers---1.borrow 2.loan 3. income 4.expenditure 5.overdraft 6.cost of living 7.inflation 8.economise 9.building society 10.interest 11.on credit 12. exorbitant 13.save 14.reductions 15.bargain 16.discount 17.invest 18.stocks 19.shares
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DAY 24[11-JUNE-2010] WEX79
answers---1.democracy 2.independence 3.candidate 4.totalitarian 5.authoritarian 6.technocrats 7.opposition 8.republic 9.sanctions 10.House 11.ideology 12.Parliament.
answers---The first letter of each word written in sequence is DICTATORSHIP---------------------------------------------------------
DAY 25[12-JUNE-2010] WEX80
answers---1.F 2.L 3.J 4.E 5.B 6.C 7.D 8.K 9.I 10.G 11.H 12.A(can also say hunting,but poaching means to hunt illegally)
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DAY 26[13-JUNE-2010] WEX81
answers--1.fossil fuels 2.acid rain 3.greenhouse 4.global warming 5.rain forest 6.contaminated 7.emissions/gases 8.Poaching 9. endangered species 10.ecosystem 11.recycle 12.biodegradable 13.genetically modified 14.organic 15.unleaded petrol 16.environmentalists 17.conservation programmes 18.battery farming 19.Green Belts.
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DAY 27[14-JUNE-2010] WEX82
answers---1.welfare state 2,3.cutbacks,underfunding(in either order) 4.conventional medicine 5.traditional medicine 6.arthritis 7.specialist(can also use the word consultant) 8.surgery 9.therapeutic 10.stress-related 11.holistic medicine 12.diet 13,14. vitamins ,minerals(in either order) 15.active 16.sedentary 17.cancer.
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DAY 28 [21-JUNE-2010] WEX83
answers---1.refugees 2.internally displaced 3.emigration 4.immigration 5.culture shock 6.expatriates(often shortened as expats) 7.UNHCR(United Nations High commission for Refugees) 8.deported 9.persona non grata 10.economic migrants 11.repatriated/deported
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DAY 29 [25-JUNE-2010] WEX84
answers---1. travel agency 2.package tour 3.independent travelers 4.visas 5.check in 6. economy class 7.disembark 8.mass tourism 9.all-inclusive 10.eco-tourism 11.refugees 12.internally displaced 13.economic migrants 14.expatriates 15.culture shock 16.immigration 17.persona non grata 18.deported 19.checking in 20.excursion
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DAY 30 [26-JUNE-2010] WEX85
answers--1. committed 2.arrested/charged 3.court 4.pleaded 5.guilty 6.sentenced 7.misdeeds 8.law-abiding/innocent 9.retribution 10.rehabilitate/reform 11.reform 12.released 13.deterrent 14.parole 15.victim 16.offender 17.community service 18.fine 19,20. corporal punishment,capital punishment(in any order) 21,22. judges/barristers , solicitors/juries(in any order)
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DAY 31 [27-JUNE-2010] WEX86
answers---1.extremists 2.ethnic cleansing/genocide 3.dissidents/refugees 4.(political) asylum 5.illegal aliens 6.institutional racism 7.harassment/intimidation 8.Civil rights/Human rights 9.human rights/civil rights 10.Rebels 11.power struggle 12.homeless 13.poverty 14.squatters 15,16.discrimination,exploitation(in any order) 17.blacklegs 18.riots/unrest.
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DAY 32 [28-JUNE-2010] WEX87
answers---1.fast food 2,3. minerals, vitamins (in any order) 4,5.fat,carbohydrates (in any order) 6. malnutrition 7. scarcity 8. harvest 9. balanced diet 10. fibre 11. fat/cholesterol 12. calories 13. Genetically modified 14. organic 15,16. salmonella, listeria (in either order) 17. food poisoning
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DAY 33 [29-JUNE-2010] WEX88
answers--1.nuclear 2.extended 3.single-parent 4.bring up(can also say raise) 5.upbringing 6.divorced.
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DAY 33 [29-JUNE-2010] WEX89
answers--1.A 2.B 3.B 4.A 5.A 6.B
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DAY 34 [30-JUNE-2010] WEX90
answers--1.childcare 2.adolescence 3.formative years 4.birth rate 5.dependants(the noun is dependant) 6.juvenile deliqunecy
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DAY 34 [30-JUNE-2010] WEX91
answers--1.A 2.A 3.A 4.A 5.A 6.A
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DAY 35 [1-JULY-2010] WEX92
answers--1,2 injuries,fatalities(in any order) 3.speeding 4.drink-driving 5.pedestrians 6. pedestrian crossings 7.Highway Code 8,9 congestion,pollution(in any order) 10.black spot 11.transport strategy 12.Traffic calming 13.Park and Ride 14.traffic free zone 15.cycle lanes 16.subsidized 17.fines 18.dominate
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DAY 36 [2-JULY-2010] WEX93
answers--1.C 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.B(can also say grant) 7.C 8.C(can also say writers) 9.B 10.A
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DAY 37 [3-JULY-2010] WEX94
answers---1.ballet 2.performance 3.reviews 4.exhibition 5.Gallery 6.portraits 7.still life 8.subsidy 9.novelist 10.work/novels 11.published 12.biography 13.concert 14.opera 15.sculpture.
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DAY 38 [6-JULY-2010] WEX95
answers---1.N 2.M 3.G 4.A 5.I 6.B 7.C 8.F 9.H 10.E 11.K 12.D 13.L(can also say CBD) 14.J
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DAY 39 [9-JULY-2010] WEX96
answers---1.houses 2.cabinet 3.opposition 4.policies 5.authoritarian/statesman/totalitarian 6.democracy 7.dictatorship 8.election 9.candidates/Members of Parliament 10.Monarchy 11.republic 12.referendum 13.constituency 14.technocrats 15.sanctions 16.independence/democracy
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DAY 40 [12-JULY-2010] WEX97
answers---1.metropolis 2.cosmopolitan 3.urban 4.amenities 5.cultural events 6.infrastructure 7.commuters 8.Central Business District 9.rush hour/peak periods 10.congestion 11.pollution 12.cost of living 13.building sites 14.population explosion 15.drug abuse 16.inner-city 17.rural 18.prospects 19.productive land
20.urban sprawl 21.environment.
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DAY 41 [15-JULY-2010] WEX98
answers---1.B 2.A 3.C 4.C 5.A 6.A 7.C 8.C 9.A 10.A
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DAY 42 [18-JULY-2010] WEX99
answers---1.planning 2.preservation 3.renovate 4.architects 5.glass 6.facade 7.foundations 8.social 9.derelict 10.estate 11.an eyesore 12.traditional 13.slums 14.high-rise/low-rise 15.energy-efficient
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DAY 43 [21-JULY-2010] WEX100
answers---1.demand for 2.loss 3.net 4.lending 5.credit 6.retail 7.private 8.state-owned industries 9.Unskilled labourers 10.take on(can also say employ) 11.White-collar 12.exports 13.bust/recession 14.employees/workers/staff 15.expenditure 16.shop floor
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DAY 44 [24-JULY-2010] WEX101
answers---1.Interest 2.borrowing 3.lay off 4.unemployment 5.Inflation 6.exports 7.secondary industries 8.Blue-Collar/White Collar 9.state-owned/nationalised 10.salaries 11.management 12.public 13.Demand 14.supply 15.revenue/income 16.nationalised 17.deficit 18.automation
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DAY 45 [27-JULY-2010] WEX102
answers---1.B 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.C 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.C 11.B 12.B 13.A 14.B 15.A
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DAY 46 [30-JULY-2010] WEX103
answers---1.torrential 2.flood 3.epidemic 4.famine 5.relief 6.volcano 7.erupted 8.hurricane 9.devastation 10.typhoon 11.casualties 12.drought 13.civil war 14.Refugees/Survivors 15.swept/spread 16.accident 17.explosions 18.plague
******END OF WORD EXERCISES SERIES*****
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REFERENCES:-
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Words,its meaning,usage and some sample sentences : -  http://www.thefreedictionary.com/
Idiom definition-    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom
Idiom examples and meanings :- http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/

Noun definition and examples :- http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/nouns.html
Adjective definition and examples:- http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/adjectve.html
Verbs definition and examples :- http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/verbs.html
Transitive Verb definition and examples : - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitive_verb
Intransitive Verb definition and examples :- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intransitive_verb
Conjunction definition and examples : - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction
Preposition definitions and examples : - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition
Adverb definitions and examples : -  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb
Plural definition :- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural
Sample writing tasks #1 to 10 : - Prepare for IELTS GT Practice Tests.by Penny Cameron & Venessa Todd
Sample writing tasks #11 to 26 : -Official Examination Papers from University of Cambridge ESOL
Sample writing tasks #27 to 34 : - Kaplan IELTS 2009-2010 Edition,Examinations IELTS 7 with answers
 ,IELTS Practice Tests Plus by  Venessa Jakeman & Clare McDowell
Sample writing tasks #35 to 40 : - http://www.scribd.com/doc/5208947/ielts-writing-samples-task-1
Sample writing tasks #41 to 53 : - http://www.scribd.com
Sample writing tasks #54 to 63 : -Cambridge IELTS 8,Official  Examination Papers from University of Cambridge.
IELTS , IELTS test structure,Band Scale :- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IELTS
Word Exercises : - Check your vocabulary for english for the IELTS examination -A work book for students by Rawdon Wyatt
Comparison of TOEFL vs IELTS vs PTEA :- http://www.happyschoolsblog.com/toefl-vs-ielts-vs-ptea/
Top 13 Listening Skills: - Barron's IELTS by Dr. Lin Lougheed ,Ed.D
Active Tips for Listening : - http://www.scribd.com
IELTS VI UK -takeielts.britishcouncil.org/ielts-ukvi

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A convenient format of feedback email can be : -

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2)Detailed information about what all subjects we dealt with
3)Mock test experience and the mistakes you learned from it
4)Finally feedback about the trainer
5)try to have at least 150 words(AS IN TASK 1[GT] OF WRITING TEST)
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[Note:-The questions,sample writing tasks,top 6 words,its meaning,sentences,teaching methodology & related details are obtained from various sources.Please click here REFERENCES for details of sources.The role of web page owner  is limited to finding & modifying the questions,words,sample writing tasks and editing the content for our intended purpose.The purpose of this page is to promote IELTS and English education for free as far as possible.However , not to misuse this opportunity and to minimize the losses incur, a fee is being charged for training session conducted by the live trainer through online chat.] 
Click on each word below to browse different sections
WHAT'S IELTS | MY TRAINING | RESOURCES | READING | WRITING| LISTENING | SPEAKING | TOP 6 WORDS | SAMPLES |WORD EXERCISES | CONTACT ME |
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TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 16 to 20]

The objective of this section is to find new words to enable us to use it while speaking or writing.Priority should be given to learn at least 3 of it and use it in the suitable context by making it a daily habit just like drinking water.These words are taken from daily top 6 news headlines.WATCH THIS SPACE EVERYDAY FOR NEW 6 WORDS .DO LEARN IT & TRY TO USE IT.Thank you,Raj
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GLOSSARY:- n-Noun ||Adj.-Adjective || v.-Verb ||v.tr.-Transitive verb ||v.intr.- Intransitive verb || conj.-Conjunction. || Prep.-Preposition || Adv.-Adverb || Pl.- Plural .The words written in the square brackets adjacent to each top 6 words is the way to pronounce it.For example ,niche[neesh],where niche is one of the top 6 words and the [neesh] written in square brackets is the way to pronounce it.
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TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 16] 01-APR-2010
 TOP 6 WORDS [DAY 11 to 15]
TOP 6 WORDS [DAY 21 to 25]
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pessimistic[pes·si·mism]
n.
1. A tendency to stress the negative or unfavorable or to take the gloomiest possible view: "We have seen too much defeatism, too much pessimism, too much of a negative approach" (Margo Jones).
2. The doctrine or belief that this is the worst of all possible worlds and that all things ultimately tend toward evil.
3. The doctrine or belief that the evil in the world outweighs the good.
Adj.1.pessimistic - expecting the worst possible outcome
hopeless - without hope because there seems to be no possibility of comfort or success; "in an agony of hopeless grief"; "with a hopeless sigh he sat down"
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reconcile[rec·on·cile]
v. rec·on·ciled, rec·on·cil·ing, rec·on·ciles
v.tr.
1. To reestablish a close relationship between.
2. To settle or resolve.
3. To bring (oneself) to accept: He finally reconciled himself to the change in management.
4. To make compatible or consistent: reconcile my way of thinking with yours.
v.intr.
1. To reestablish a close relationship, as in marriage: The estranged couple reconciled after a year.
2. To become compatible or consistent: The figures would not reconcile.
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niche[neesh]
n.
1. A recess in a wall, as for holding a statue or urn.
2. A cranny, hollow, or crevice, as in rock.
3.
a. A situation or activity specially suited to a person's interests, abilities, or nature: found her niche in life.
b. A special area of demand for a product or service: "One niche that is approaching mass-market proportions is held by regional magazines" (Brad Edmondson).
4. Ecology
a. The function or position of an organism or population within an ecological community.
b. The particular area within a habitat occupied by an organism.
tr.v. niched, nich·ing, nich·es
To place in a niche.
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From Rags To Riches:(idiom)
To go from being very poor to being very wealthy.
The princess used to be quite poor. She certainly moved from rags to riches. After I inherited the money, I went from rags to riches.
rag
n.
1.
a. A scrap of cloth.
b. A piece of cloth used for cleaning, washing, or dusting.
2. rags Threadbare or tattered clothing.
3. Cloth converted to pulp for making paper.
4. A scrap; a fragment.
5. Slang A newspaper, especially one specializing in sensationalism or gossip.
6. The stringy central portion and membranous walls of a citrus fruit.
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poised
adj.
1. Assured; composed.
2. Held balanced or steady in readiness: stood poised for the jump.
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Get Over It:(idiom)
To move beyond something that is bothering you.
Pamela's daughter died in a tragic car accident.But i know as time surpasses,she will get over it.

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TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 17] 02-APR-2010
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seize
v. seized, seiz·ing, seiz·es
v.tr.
1. To grasp suddenly and forcibly; take or grab: seize a sword.
2.
a. To grasp with the mind; apprehend: seize an idea and develop it to the fullest extent.
b. To possess oneself of (something): seize an opportunity.
3.
a. To have a sudden overwhelming effect on: a heinous crime that seized the minds and emotions of the populace.
b. To overwhelm physically: a person who was seized with a terminal disease.
4. To take into custody; capture.
5. To take quick and forcible possession of; confiscate: seize a cache of illegal drugs.
Dave seized upon the knob of the door and yanked hard. I seized on the railing and held on tight.
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Yank
v. yanked, yank·ing, yanks
v.tr.
1. To pull with a quick, strong movement; jerk: yanked the emergency cord.
2. Slang To extract or remove abruptly: yanked the starting pitcher early in the game.
v.intr.
To pull on something suddenly.
n.
A sudden vigorous pull; a jerk.
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Get Your Walking Papers:(idiom)
Get fired from a job.
Due to huge losses in our company,we are planning for a shutdown and so its time for you get the walking papers.
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resurgent[re·sur·gent ]
adj.
1. Experiencing or tending to bring about renewal or revival.
2. Sweeping or surging back again.
He told the students they were graduating at 'the most appropriate time for shaping a new and resurgent Asia'
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incredible[in·cred·i·ble]
adj
1. beyond belief or understanding; unbelievable
2. Informal marvellous; amazing
He does an incredible amount of work.I found his story incredible.
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Good Samaritan:(idiom)
Someone who helps others when they are in need, with no discussion for compensation, and no thought of a reward.
n.
A compassionate person who unselfishly helps others.
I have simply done my best to play the Good Samaritan.
The poor man blest him for it, and he blest the poor man, and was so like the Good Samaritan that he gave him money to refresh both himself and his horse, and told him, that if he loved himself, he should be merciful to his beast.

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TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 18] 03-APR-2010
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Graveyard Shift:(idiom)
Working hours from about 12:00 am to 8:00 am. The time of the day when most other people are sleeping.
Keep him in the graveyard shift and I'll be happy with that myself
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converge[con·verge]
v. con·verged, con·verg·ing, con·verg·es
v.intr.
1.
a. To tend toward or approach an intersecting point: lines that converge.
b. To come together from different directions; meet: The avenues converge at a central square.
2. To tend toward or achieve union or a common conclusion or result: In time, our views and our efforts converged.
3. Mathematics To approach a limit.
v.tr.
To cause to converge.
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agile[ag·ile]
adj.
1. Characterized by quickness, lightness, and ease of movement; nimble.
2. Mentally quick or alert: an agile mind.
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Gut Feeling:(idiom)
A personal intuition you get, especially when feel something may not be right.
I have a gut feeling that something bad is going to happen. My gut reaction is that we should hire Susan for the job.
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escalate[es·ca·late]
v. es·ca·lat·ed, es·ca·lat·ing, es·ca·lates
v.tr.
To increase, enlarge, or intensify: escalated the hostilities in the Persian Gulf.
v.intr.
To increase in intensity or extent: "a deepening long-term impasse that is certain to escalate"
Corporates won't do this purely out of goodwill for the staff but compelled by the escalating real estate costs.
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ruthless[ruth·less ]
adj.
Having no compassion or pity; merciless: ruthless cruelty; ruthless opportunism.
He is corrupt, ruthless and is in possession of a number of land documents

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TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 19] 04-APR-2010
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Haste Makes Waste:(idiom)
Quickly doing things results in a poor ending. Hurry up and get my car fixed. Alan: Don't rush me. Haste makes waste.
haste
n.
1. Rapidity of action or motion.
2. Overeagerness to act.
3. Rash or headlong action; precipitateness.
intr. & tr.v. hast·ed, hast·ing, hastes
To hasten or cause to hasten.
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hapless[hap·less ]
adj.
Luckless; unfortunate.
He was followed to the grave by a vast multitude of mourners, who "gave the hapless man the funeral of a king.
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Cliche[cli·ché also cliche]
n.
1. A trite or overused expression or idea: "Even while the phrase was degenerating to cliché in ordinary public use . . . scholars were giving it increasing attention"
It's an old-fashioned tale, being told in the formulaic or the clichéd style.
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bogged down(idiom)
stuck; prevented from making progress.
The students became bogged down with the algebra problems. The Smiths really got bogged down in decorating their house.
On the whole, the story line of this movie is relevant, but is bogged down by mediocrity.
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mumble[mum·ble]
v. mum·bled, mum·bling, mum·bles
v.tr.
1. To utter indistinctly by lowering the voice or partially closing the mouth: mumbled an insincere apology.
2. To chew slowly or ineffectively without or as if without teeth.
v.intr.
1. To speak words indistinctly, as by lowering the voice or partially closing the mouth.
2. To chew food slowly or ineffectively, as if with the gums.
n.
A low indistinct sound or utterance.
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bicker[bick·er]
intr.v. bick·ered, bick·er·ing, bick·ers
1. To engage in a petty, bad-tempered quarrel; squabble.
2. To flicker; quiver: "and bicker like a flame" .
n.
A petty quarrel; a squabble.

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TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 20] 05-APR-2010
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sporadic[spo·rad·ic]
adj.
1. Occurring at irregular intervals; having no pattern or order in time.
2. Appearing singly or at widely scattered localities, as a plant or disease.
3. Isolated; unique: a sporadic example.
The city, home to many giant software companies ,has already been hit by months of sporadic unrest over the proposed creation of a separate state.
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chaos[kay.os.]
n.
1. A condition or place of great disorder or confusion.
2. A disorderly mass; a jumble: The desk was a chaos of papers and unopened letters.
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scapegoat
n.
1. One that is made to bear the blame of others.
tr.v. scape·goat·ed, scape·goat·ing, scape·goats
To make a scapegoat of.
A co- accused in the terrorist attack case, told the special court that he had no links with any group and he had been made a scapegoat by police.
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adverse
adj.
1. Acting or serving to oppose.
2. Contrary to one's interests or welfare; harmful or unfavorable: adverse circumstances.
3. Moving in an opposite or opposing direction: adverse currents.
ad·versely adv.
ad·verseness n.
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fraught[frot]
adj
1. (usually postpositive and foll by with) filled or charged; attended a venture fraught with peril
2. (Informal )showing or producing tension or anxiety. she looks rather fraught a fraught situation
For an obese woman, the experience of pregnancy - starting right from the time of conception to labour is fraught with problems.
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Head Over Heels:(idiom)
Very excited and/or joyful, especially when in love.
It's obvious that they're head over heels in love with each other.They met at a nightclub and instantly fell head over heels for one another.
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 TOP 6 WORDS [DAY 11 to 15]
TOP 6 WORDS [DAY 21 to 25] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Note:-The meanings,usage,pronunciation,sample sentences and related details are obtained from various sources.Please click here REFERENCES for details of sources.My role is limited to finding suitable words and editing the content for our intended purpose of finding new words.]
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EXTRA WORDS PART 7
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min·us·cule[min·us·kule]
adj.
1. Very small; tiny. OR small.
2. Of, relating to, or written in minuscule.
n.
1. A small cursive script developed from uncial between the seventh and ninth centuries and used in medieval manuscripts.
2. A letter written in minuscule.
3. A lowercase letter.
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colossal[ko·los·sal]
adj.
Of a size, extent, or degree that elicits awe or taxes belief; immense. OR enormous.
a colossal increase in the price of books.
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gargantuan[gar·gan·shu·an]
adj.
Of immense size, volume, or capacity; gigantic.OR enormous.
a gargantuan meal; his gargantuan appetite
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deteriorate[de·te·ri·o·rate]
v. de·te·ri·o·rat·ed, de·te·ri·o·rat·ing, de·te·ri·o·rates
v.tr.
To diminish or impair in quality, character, or value: Time and neglect had deteriorated the property.
v.intr.
1. To grow worse; degenerate: The weather deteriorated overnight. His health had deteriorated while he was in prison.
2. To weaken or disintegrate; decay: The nation's highways are deteriorating at a rapid pace.
His work has deteriorated recently.
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demolish [de·mol·ish ]
tr.v. de·mol·ished, de·mol·ish·ing, de·mol·ish·es
1. To tear down completely; raze.
2. To do away with completely; put an end to.
3. To damage (someone's reputation, for example) severely. OR  ruin.
They're demolishing the old buildings in the centre of city.
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retreat [re·treat ]
n.
1.
a. The act or process of withdrawing, especially from something hazardous, formidable, or unpleasant.
b. The process of going backward or receding from a position or condition gained.
2. A place affording peace, quiet, privacy, or security. OR shelter.
3.
a. A period of seclusion, retirement, or solitude.
b. A period of group withdrawal for prayer, meditation, or study: a religious retreat.
4.
a. Withdrawal of a military force from a dangerous position or from an enemy attack.
b. The signal for such withdrawal.
c. A bugle call or drumbeat signaling the lowering of the flag at sunset, as on a military base.
d. The military ceremony of lowering the flag.
v. re·treat·ed, re·treat·ing, re·treats
v.intr.
1. To fall or draw back; withdraw or retire. OR recede.
2. To slope backward.
After a hard struggle, they were finally forced to retreat.He retreated to the peace of his own room.The bugler sounded the retreat.He has gone to a retreat to pray.
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ambiguous[am·big·yu·us]
adj.
1. Open to more than one interpretation: an ambiguous reply.
2. Doubtful or uncertain
After the cat caught the mouse, it died is an ambiguous statement (ie it is not clear whether it = the cat or = the mouse).ambiguously  adv.         ambiguousness  n.
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detrimental[det·ri·men·tal]
adj.
Causing damage or harm; injurious.smoking can be detrimental to health
detrimentally  adv.
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re·luc·tant[re·luk·tant]
adj.
1. Unwilling; disinclined: reluctant to help.
2. Exhibiting or marked by unwillingness: a reluctant smile.
3. Offering resistance; opposing.
He was reluctant to accept the medal for his bravery.

I don't understand his reluctance to go .        reluctantly  adv.
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awk·ward[oak·ward]
adj.
1. Not graceful; ungainly.
2.
a. Not dexterous; clumsy.
b. Clumsily or unskillfully performed: The opera was marred by an awkward aria.
3.
a. Difficult to handle or manage: an awkward bundle to carry.
b. Difficult to effect; uncomfortable: an awkward pose.
4.
a. Marked by or causing embarrassment or discomfort: an awkward remark; an awkward silence.
b. Requiring great tact, ingenuity, skill, and discretion: An awkward situation arose during the peace talks.
awkwardly  adv.          awkwardness  n.
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scarce[skayrs]
adj. scarc·er, scarc·est
1. Insufficient to meet a demand or requirement; short in supply: Fresh vegetables were scarce during the drought.
2. Hard to find; absent or rare: Steel pennies are scarce now except in coin shops.
adv.
Barely or hardly; scarcely.Paintings by this artist are very scarce; Food is scarce because of the drought.
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phase out
To bring or come to an end, one stage at a time.
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 TOP 6 WORDS [DAY 11 to 15]
TOP 6 WORDS [DAY 21 to 25]
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[Note:-The meanings,usage,pronunciation,sample sentences and related details are obtained from various sources.Please click here REFERENCES for details of sources.My role is limited to finding suitable words and editing the content for our intended purpose of finding new words.]
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 EXTRA WORDS PART 8
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advice[ad·vice]
n.
1. Opinion about what could or should be done about a situation or problem; counsel.
2. Information communicated; news. Often used in the plural: advices from an ambassador.
You must seek legal advice if you want a divorce; Let me give you a piece of advice.
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advise[ad·vise]
v. ad·vised, ad·vis·ing, ad·vis·es
v.tr.
1. To offer advice to; counsel.
2. To recommend; suggest: advised patience.
3. Usage Problem To inform; notify.
v.intr.
1. To take counsel; consult: She advised with her associates.
2. To offer advice.he advised the king to advise caution he advised her to leave
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affect[af·fekt]
tr.v. af·fect·ed, af·fect·ing, af·fects
1. To have an influence on or effect a change in: Inflation affects the buying power of the dollar.
2. To act on the emotions of; touch or move.
3. To attack or infect, as a disease: Rheumatic fever can affect the heart.
She was deeply affected by the news of his death.
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effect[ef·fect]
tr.v. ef·fect·ed, ef·fect·ing, ef·fects
1. To bring into existence.
2. To produce as a result.
3. To bring about.
n.
1. Something brought about by a cause or agent; a result.
2. The power to produce an outcome or achieve a result; influence: The drug had an immediate effect on the pain. The government's action had no effect on the trade imbalance.He is suffering from the effects of over-eating; His discovery had little effect at first.
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appreciable [ap·pre·shia·ble]
adj.
Possible to estimate, measure, or perceive: appreciable changes in temperature. OR perceptible.
appreciable amounts of noxious wastes are dumped into the harbor
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appreciative[ap·pre·shia·tive]
adj.
Capable of or showing appreciation.
ap·precia·tive·ly adv.
ap·precia·tive·ness n."was appreciative of his efforts"; "an appreciative word"
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assumption[as·sump·shion]
n.
1. The act of taking to or upon oneself: assumption of an obligation.
2. The act of taking possession or asserting a claim: assumption of command.
3. The act of taking for granted: assumption of a false theory.
4. Something taken for granted or accepted as true without proof; a supposition: a valid assumption.
on the assumption that he has been injured we can infer that he will not to play
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
presumption[pre·sump·shion]
n.
1. Behavior or attitude that is boldly arrogant or offensive; effrontery.
2. The act of presuming or accepting as true.
3. Acceptance or belief based on reasonable evidence; assumption or supposition.
4. A condition or basis for accepting or presuming.
the presumption that a defendant is innocent until proved guilty.He had the presumption to answer me back.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
rigid[rijid]
adj.
1. Not flexible or pliant; stiff.
2. Not moving; fixed.
3. rigid discipline. OR stiff.
rigid·ly adv.
rigid·ness n.An iron bar is rigid.rigid rules; rigid discipline; rigid views on education; a stern, rigid headmaster.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
slight[slai.t]
adj. slight·er, slight·est
1. Small in size, degree, or amount: a slight tilt; a slight surplus.
2. Lacking strength, substance, or solidity; frail: a slight foundation; slight evidence.
3. Of small importance or consideration; trifling: slight matters.
4. Small and slender in build or construction; delicate.
tr.v. slight·ed, slight·ing, slights
1. To treat as of small importance; make light of.
2. To treat with discourteous reserve or inattention.
3. To do negligently or thoughtlessly; scant.
We have a slight problem.It seemed too heavy a load for such a slight woman.He made rather a slighting remark about her parents.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
beside[be·siy.ed]
prep.
1. At the side of; next to.
2.
a. In comparison with: a proposal that seems quite reasonable beside the others.
b. On an equal footing with: has earned a place beside the best performers in the business.
She sat beside her sister.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
besides[be.siy.eds]
dv.
1. In addition; also.
2. Moreover; furthermore.
3. Otherwise
prep.
1. In addition to.
2. Except for; other than: No one besides the owner could control the dog.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
shortly [short·ly]
adv.
1. In a short time; soon.
2. In a few words; concisely.
3. In an abrupt manner; curtly.
The play will begin shortly.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
briefly[breef.ly]
adv.
in a concise manner; in a few words; "she replied briefly"; "briefly, we have a problem";
------------------------------------------------------------
conscientious[con·shi·en·shus]
adj.
1. Guided by or in accordance with the dictates of conscience; principled: a conscientious decision to speak out about injustice.
2. Thorough and assiduous: a conscientious worker; a conscientious effort to comply with the regulations.
------------------------------------------------
conscience [con·shence ]
n.
1.
a. The awareness of a moral or ethical aspect to one's conduct together with the urge to prefer right over wrong: Let your conscience be your guide.
b. A source of moral or ethical judgment or pronouncement: a document that serves as the nation's conscience.
c. Conformity to one's own sense of right conduct: a person of unflagging conscience.
2. The part of the superego in psychoanalysis that judges the ethical nature of one's actions and thoughts and then transmits such determinations to the ego for consideration.
3. Obsolete Consciousness.
The injured man was on her conscience because she was responsible for the accident; She had a guilty conscience about the injured man; He had no conscience about dismissing the men.
----------------------------------------------------
invent[in·vent]
tr.v. in·vent·ed, in·vent·ing, in·vents
1. To produce or contrive (something previously unknown) by the use of ingenuity or imagination.
2. To make up; fabricate: invent a likely excuse.Who invented the microscope?; When was printing invented?
-----------------------------------------------------
discover[dis·kov·er]
tr.v. dis·cov·ered, dis·cov·er·ing, dis·cov·ers
1. To notice or learn, especially by making an effort: got home and discovered that the furnace wasn't working.
2.
a. To be the first, or the first of one's group or kind, to find, learn of, or observe.
b. To learn about for the first time in one's experience: discovered a new restaurant on the west side.
3. To learn something about: discovered him to be an impostor; discovered the brake to be defective.
4. To identify (a person) as a potentially prominent performer: a movie star who was discovered in a drugstore by a producer.
Fleming discovered penicillin.I discovered a leak in the tank
--------------------------------------------------
however[how·ev·ar]
adv.
1. In whatever manner or way: However he did it, it was very clever.
2. To whatever degree or extent: "have begun, however reluctantly, to acknowledge the legitimacy of some of the concerns" (Christopher Lasch).
3. In what way. Used as an intensive of how: However did you get here so soon?
4. In spite of that; nevertheless; yet: The book is expensive; however, it's worth it.
5. On the other hand; by contrast: The first part was easy; the second, however, took hours.
conj.
1. In whatever manner or way: Dress however you like.
-----------------------------------------------------------
moreover[more·o·var]
adv.
Beyond what has been stated; besides.
------------------------------------------------------
inconsiderable [in·con·sid·er·a·ble ]
adj.
Too small or unimportant to merit attention or consideration; trivial.
inconsiderableness n.
inconsiderably adv."the economy was a considerable issue in the campaign"; "went to considerable trouble for us"; "spent a considerable amount of time on the problem"
------------------------------------------------------------
inconsiderate[in·con·sid·er·ate]
adj.
1. Thoughtless of others; displaying a lack of consideration.
2. Not well considered or carefully thought out; ill-advised.
inconsiderately adv.
shockingly inconsiderate behavior
---------------------------------------------------------------
principle[prin·si·ple]
n.
1. A basic truth, law, or assumption: the principles of democracy.
2.
a. A rule or standard, especially of good behavior: a man of principle.
b. The collectivity of moral or ethical standards or judgments: a decision based on principle rather than expediency.
3. A fixed or predetermined policy or mode of action.
4. A basic or essential quality or element determining intrinsic nature or characteristic behavior: the principle of self-preservation.
5. A rule or law concerning the functioning of natural phenomena or mechanical processes: the principle of jet propulsion.
the principle of gravity.It is against my principles to borrow money.
--------------------------------------------------------------
principal[prin·ci·pal]
dj.
1. First, highest, or foremost in importance, rank, worth, or degree; chief. See Synonyms at chief.
2. Of, relating to, or being financial principal, or a principal in a financial transaction.
n.
1. One who holds a position of presiding rank, especially the head of an elementary school or high school.
2. A main participant in a situation.
3. A person having a leading or starring role.
4.
a. The capital or main body of an estate or financial holding as distinguished from the interest or revenue from it.
b. A sum of money owed as a debt, upon which interest is calculated.
Shipbuilding was one of Britain's principal industries.I am principally concerned with teaching English.
--------------------------------------------------------------
procession[pro·ces·shion]
n.
1. The act of moving along or forward; progression.
2. Origination; emanation; rise.
3.
a. A group of persons, vehicles, or objects moving along in an orderly, formal manner.
b. The movement of such a group.
4. An orderly succession: the procession of the seasons.
intr.v. pro·ces·sioned, pro·ces·sion·ing, pro·ces·sions
To form or go in a procession.a seemingly endless procession of corruption cases
-------------------------------------------------------------
process[pro.sess]
n
1. a series of actions that produce a change or development the process of digestion
2. a method of doing or producing something
3. a forward movement
4. the course of time
We are using a new process to make glass.He is in the process of changing jobs; These goods were damaged in the process of manufacture.
------------------------------------------------------
raise[rays]
v. raised, rais·ing, rais·es
v.tr.
1. To move to a higher position; elevate: raised the loads with a crane. See Synonyms at lift.
2. To set in an upright or erect position: raise a flagpole.
3. To erect or build: raise a new building.
4. To cause to arise, appear, or exist: The slap raised a welt.
5. To increase in size, quantity, or worth: raise an employee's salary.
6. To increase in intensity, degree, strength, or pitch: raised his voice.
7. To improve in rank or dignity; promote: raised her to management level.
8.
a. To grow, especially in quantity; cultivate: raise corn and soybeans.
b. To breed and care for to maturity: raise cattle.
c. To bring up; rear: raise children.
Raise your right hand; Raise the flag.She has raised a large family.
---------------------------------------------------------
rise[rai.s]
v.intr.
1. To assume a standing position after lying, sitting, or kneeling.
2. To get out of bed: rose at dawn.
3. To move from a lower to a higher position; ascend: Hot air rises.
4. To increase in size, volume, or level: The river rises every spring.
5. To increase in number, amount, or value: Prices are rising.
6. To increase in intensity, force, or speed: The wind has risen.
7. To increase in pitch or volume: The sound of their voices rose and fell.
8. To appear above the horizon: The sun rises later in the fall.
9. To extend upward; be prominent: The tower rose above the hill.
----------------------------------------------------------
respectful[re·spect·ful]
adj.
Showing or marked by proper respect.
re·spectful·ly adv.
re·spectful·ness n.
"respectful behavior"; "a respectful glance"
---------------------------------------------------------
respectable[re·spect·a·ble]
adj.
1. Meriting respect or esteem; worthy.
2. Of or appropriate to good or proper behavior or conventional conduct.
3. Of moderately good quality: respectable work.
4. Considerable in amount, number, or size: a respectable sum of money.
5. Acceptable in appearance; presentable: a respectable hat.
------------------------------------------------------------
treat[treet]
v. treat·ed, treat·ing, treats
v.tr.
1. To act or behave in a specified manner toward.
2. To regard and handle in a certain way. Often used with as: treated the matter as a joke.
3. To deal with in writing or speech; discuss: a book that treats all aspects of health care.
4. To deal with or represent artistically in a specified manner or style: treats the subject poetically.
5.
a. To provide with food, entertainment, or gifts at one's own expense: treated her sister to the theater.
b. To give (someone or oneself) something pleasurable: treated herself to a day in the country.
6. To subject to a process, action, or change, especially to a chemical or physical process or application.
The soldiers treated me very well; The police are treating his death as a case of murder.
-----------------------------------------------------
cure[ku.yer]
n.
1. Restoration of health; recovery from disease.
2. A method or course of medical treatment used to restore health.
3. An agent, such as a drug, that restores health; a remedy.
v. cured, cur·ing, cures
v.tr.
1. To restore to health.
2. To effect a recovery from: cure a cold.
3. To remove or remedy (something harmful or disturbing): cure an evil.
That medicine cured me; That will cure him of his bad habits.They're trying to find a cure for cancer.

----------------------------------------------------------
kindergarten[kin·der·gar·den]
n.
A program or class for four-year-old to six-year-old children that serves as an introduction to school.
----------------------------------------------------------
numeracy[nu.mer.asy]
n
(Social Science / Education) the ability to use numbers, esp in arithmetical operations
---------------------------------------------------------
literacy [lit·er·a·sy ]
n.
1. The condition or quality of being literate, especially the ability to read and write. OR literate.
2. The condition or quality of being knowledgeable in a particular subject or field
3. the ability to read and write
4. the ability to use language proficiently
----------------------------------------------------
day release
n
(Social Science / Education)(British) a system whereby workers are released for part-time education without loss of pay

--------------------------------------------------------  
unscrupulous[un·skroo·pu·lus]
adj.
having no conscience ,wicked. He is an unscrupulous rogue.
-----------------------------------------------
Paparazzi[papa.rasee]
Paparazzi is a plural term (paparazzo being the singular form)for photographers who take candid photographs of celebrities, usually by relentlessly shadowing them in their public and private activities. Celebrities claiming to have been hounded by such photographers often use "paparazzi" and even "stalkarazzi" as a pejorative term.News agencies commonly use the word in a broader sense to describe all photographers who take pictures of notable people.
---------------------------------------
libel[LIbal]
n.
1.A false and malicious publication printed for the purpose of defaming a living person
2.The written statement of a plaintiff explaining the cause of action (the defamation) and any relief he seeks
v.libelling,libelled
Print slanderous statements against."The newspaper was accused of libeling him".
------------------------------------------
gutter press
n.
(British)Press that engages in sensational journalism (especially concerning the private lives of public figures)
-----------------------------------------

blue-collar[bloo.kollar]
adj.
1.Of or designating manual industrial work or workers
2.Of those who work for wages especially manual or industrial labourers OR working class
------------------------------------------
freelance[free.lans]
n.
1.A writer or artist who sells services to different employers without a long-term contract with any of them
v.
1.Work independently and on temporary contracts rather than for a long-term employer
--------------------------------------------
hiring and firing
hiring[hai.ring]--->Engage for service under a term of contract OR employ
firing[fai.ring]--->The termination of someone's employment (leaving them free to depart)
-----------------------------------------
white-collar[white.kollar]
adj.
1.Of or designating salaried professional or clerical work or workers. OR skilled or professional.The coal miner's son aspired to a white-collar occupation as a bookkeeper.
--------------------------------
service industry
n.
An industry that provides services rather than physical products.
--------------------------------------

repetitive strain injury
n.
R.S.I. is a pain in the arm or some other part of the body felt by someone who performs the same movement many times,such as when operating a computer keyboard 
--------------------------------------
perks[per.ks]
n.
An incidental benefit awarded for certain types of employment (especially if it is regarded as a right)
--------------------------------------
incentive[in.sentiv]
n.
1.An additional payment (or other remuneration) to employees as a means of increasing output. OR bonus
2.A positive motivational influence
----------------------------------
 

overdraft[o·ver·draft ]
n.
1.
a. The act of overdrawing a bank account.
b. Abbr. OD or o/d The amount overdrawn.
c. The maximum amount of credit extended to a customer.
2. (Economics, Accounting & Finance / Banking & Finance) a draft or withdrawal of money in excess of the credit balance on a bank or building-society cheque account
3. (Economics, Accounting & Finance / Banking & Finance) the amount of money drawn
------------------------------------
exorbitant[eks·or·be·tant]
adj.
Exceeding all bounds, as of custom or fairness: exorbitant prices. OR excessive.
----------------------------------
bargain[bar·gain]
n.
1. An agreement between parties fixing obligations that each promises to carry out.
2.
a. An agreement establishing the terms of a sale or exchange of goods or services: finally reached a bargain with the antique dealer over the lamp.
b. Property acquired or services rendered as a result of such an agreement.
3. Something offered or acquired at a price advantageous to the buyer.
v. bar·gained, bar·gain·ing, bar·gains
v.intr.
1. To negotiate the terms of an agreement, as to sell or exchange.
2. To engage in collective bargaining.
3. To arrive at an agreement.
v.tr.
To exchange; trade: bargained my watch for a meal.
-----------------------------------------------------------
inflation[in·fla·shion]
n.
1. The act of inflating or the state of being inflated.
2. A persistent increase in the level of consumer prices or a persistent decline in the purchasing power of money, caused by an increase in available currency and credit beyond the proportion of available goods and services.
-----------------------------------------------------

poach[po.ch]
tr.v. poached, poach·ing, poach·es
To cook in a boiling or simmering liquid: Poach the fish in wine.
v. poached, poach·ing, poach·es
v.intr.
1. To trespass on another's property in order to take fish or game.
2. To take fish or game in a forbidden area.
3. To become muddy or broken up from being trampled. Used of land.
4. To sink into soft earth when walking.
5.
a. To take or appropriate something unfairly or illegally.
b. Sports To play a ball out of turn or in another's territory, as in doubles tennis.
v.tr.
1. To trespass on (another's property) for fishing or hunting.
2. To take (fish or game) illegally.
3. To make (land) muddy or broken up by trampling.

---------------------------------------------------------------
extinct[eks·tinkt]
adj.
1. No longer existing or living: an extinct species.
2. No longer burning or active: an extinct volcano.
3. No longer in use: an extinct custom. OR dead.
4. Law Lacking a claimant; void: an extinct title.
It is 250 years since the wolf became extinct in Britain.
--------------------------------------------------------

endanger[en·dan·ger]
tr.v. en·dan·gered, en·dan·ger·ing, en·dan·gers
1. To expose to harm or danger; imperil.
2. To threaten with extinction.
the giant panda is an endangered species
------------------------------------------------------- 

 TOP 6 WORDS [DAY 11 to 15]
TOP 6 WORDS [DAY 21 to 25]
-------------------------------------------------------------
[Note:-The meanings,usage,pronunciation,sample sentences and related details are obtained from various sources.Please click here REFERENCES for details of sources.My role is limited to finding suitable words and editing the content for our intended purpose of finding new words.]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 EXTRA WORDS PART 9
------------------------------------------------
fossil fuels
n.
Fuel consisting of the remains of organisms preserved in rocks in the earth's crust with high carbon and hydrogen content
-----------------------------------------------
acid rain
n.
Rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water
----------------------------------------------
greenhouse
n.
A building with glass walls and roof; for the cultivation and exhibition of plants under controlled conditions
glasshouse(British)
-------------------------------------------
global warming
n.
An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)
-----------------------------------------
rain forest
n.
A forest with heavy annual rainfall
-----------------------------------------
biodegradable[bi.yo.de.grade.able]
n.
Capable of being decomposed by e.g. bacteria
"a biodegradable detergent"
-------------------------------------------
organic[orga.nik]
n.
A fertilizer that is derived from animal or vegetable matter
adj.
Relating or belonging to the class of chemical compounds having a carbon basis
"hydrocarbons are organic compounds"
----------------------------------------
unleaded petrol[an.ley.deaded]
n.
Petrol that has not been treated with a lead compound
unleaded gasoline[British,N.America]
-------------------------------------
battery farming(British)
n.
an industrial agricultural confinement system used primarily for egg-laying hens. The battery cage has generated controversy among advocates for animal welfare and animal rights and industrial egg producers.
battery cages(United States)
--------------------------------------
green belt
n.
A belt of parks or rural land surrounding a town or city
------------------------------------------------- 

cutback[kat·back]
n.
1. A decrease; a curtailment: "The political effects of food cutbacks could be devastating"
2. A sharp reversal of direction, as of a ball carrier in football.
------------------------
therapy[thera.pee]
n.the (methods of) treatment of disease, disorders of the body etc speech therapy; physiotherapy
n. therapist
adj.therapeutic[ther·a·pee·tic]
1.  Having or exhibiting healing powers: a therapeutic agent; therapeutic exercises.
2. Of or relating to the medical treatment of a disease or condition.
----------------------------------------
holistic[ho·lis·tic]
adj.
1. Of or relating to holism.
2.
a. Emphasizing the importance of the whole and the interdependence of its parts.
b. Concerned with wholes rather than analysis or separation into parts: holistic medicine; holistic ecology.
2. (Medicine) of or relating to the the medical consideration of the complete person, physically and psychologically, in the treatment of a disease
holistically  adv.
------------------------------
sedentary[sed·en·tar·y]
adj.
1. Characterized by or requiring much sitting: a sedentary job.
2. Accustomed to sitting or to taking little exercise.
3. Remaining or living in one area, as certain birds; not migratory.
4. Attached to a surface and not moving freely, as a barnacle.
A sedentary lifestyle has been linked with a risk of heart disease.
----------------------------------- 

TOP 6 WORDS [DAY 11 to 15]
TOP 6 WORDS [DAY 21 to 25]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Note:-The meanings,usage,pronunciation,sample sentences and related details are obtained from various sources.Please click here REFERENCES for details of sources.My role is limited to finding suitable words and editing the content for our intended purpose of finding new words.]
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